Beyond CPR: How EPR Technologies Could Change Emergency Medicine
The conversation centers around the innovative concept of Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR) technologies, introduced by Dr. Lynn Yaffe. EPR represents a groundbreaking approach aimed at saving lives when conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) fails, particularly in trauma cases where blood loss leads to cardiac arrest.
By inducing rapid profound hypothermia—lowering the body temperature to a mere 10 degrees Celsius—this method allows for a temporary state of suspended animation, preserving cellular life for a critical window during which medical interventions can occur. Dr. Yaffe elaborates on the intricacies of EPR, discussing its implementation in clinical trials at Maryland Shock Trauma and the promising outcomes observed in animal studies. Listeners are encouraged to delve into the fascinating realm of medical advancements, where the interplay of technology and biology could revolutionize emergency care and dramatically alter survival rates in dire situations.
Throughout the conversation, the duo navigates the scientific intricacies of EPR, touching on its potential applications in emergency situations and the implications for paramedics and trauma surgeons. The podcast episode serves as an enlightening exploration of EPR technologies, blending scientific rigor with engaging storytelling. As Dr. Yaffe articulates the intricacies of how EPR can preserve life during cardiac emergencies, the conversation elegantly balances technical details with a conversational tone. Joey B's witty interjections provide levity, enhancing the listener's experience as they digest complex medical concepts. The episode culminates with a call to action for further research and understanding, urging listeners to consider the transformative potential of EPR in saving lives. The promise of this innovative technology not only fascinates but also inspires hope, making it a must-listen for anyone interested in the future of emergency medicine.
Takeaways:
- The podcast introduces the concept of Emergency Preservation and Resuscitation (EPR) technologies, which aim to save lives by inducing profound hypothermia when standard CPR fails.
- Dr. Lynn Yaffe elaborates on how EPR works by rapidly cooling a patient's body to 10 degrees Celsius, allowing cellular life to persist without brain activity for several hours.
- In cases of severe trauma, such as car accidents, EPR offers a last-ditch effort to stabilize patients by cooling them down and buying time for surgical intervention.
- The episode highlights the historical development of CPR and paramedic services, citing Dr. Peter Safer's revolutionary contributions during the late 1950s and early 60s.
- The clinical trials for EPR are currently ongoing, with strict protocols to ensure that patients meet specific criteria before undergoing the procedure.
- Listeners are encouraged to explore more about EPR technologies through various resources, including TED Talks and specialized websites, to understand its potential impact on emergency medicine.
Links referenced in this episode:
Companies mentioned in this episode:
- EPR Technologies
- Maryland Shock Trauma
- Freedom House
Transcript
All right, all right, all right.
Speaker A:Hello, everyone.
Speaker A:If you're on the Eastern standard coast, in the Eastern standard time zone, it's 1:59pm Hope your day is going beautifully and smoothly.
Speaker A:And if you're not on the Eastern standard coast, it doesn't matter.
Speaker A:I'm just hoping you're doing okay.
Speaker A:Maybe you're sleeping, maybe you're.
Speaker A:Maybe you're listening to this.
Speaker A:In your dreams.
Speaker A:Hey, my name is Joey B. I do Blind Knowledge.
Speaker A:This is the Blind Knowledge podcast.
Speaker A:Thanks again for joining us.
Speaker A:We have a really, really special guest on that's going to be coming on in just a sec.
Speaker A:Do Lynn.
Speaker A:Dr. Yaff does E PR technologies.
Speaker A:Have you ever heard of that?
Speaker A:Me neither.
Speaker A:But we're gonna learn a lot about it and I think they save lives.
Speaker A:So listen to this one.
Speaker A:Especially if you're in the medical field, I think you're gonna dig it.
Speaker A:We're gonna bring them on right now.
Speaker A:Lynn, how you doing?
Speaker B:I'm doing great.
Speaker B:Nice to be with you.
Speaker A:I'm glad you're here.
Speaker A:Let's get right into it.
Speaker A:EPR Technologies.
Speaker A:What is it?
Speaker B:EPR stands for Emergency Preservation and resuscitation.
Speaker B:It's about saving a life.
Speaker B:When standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation fails, meaning chest compressions, mouth to mouth breathing, defibrillation.
Speaker B:If someone is a trauma victim and their heart stops or sudden cardiac arrest for any reason, the paramedics or bystander would do standard CPR and try defibrillation if there's a defibrillation nearby.
Speaker B:And if that fails, you know, you can try doing CPR in a person for 10, 20, 30 minutes, however long, or until the paramedics arrive, they can continue to try, but if it fails, that's it.
Speaker B:Unfortunately, you've passed away.
Speaker B:PR is about one more attempt to save a life.
Speaker B:When standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation fails, by using rapid profound hypothermia, you cool the body down, the vital organs, the body down with an ice cold flush and you lower the body temperature to 10 degrees Celsius or 50 degrees Fahrenheit in, let's say 10 minutes or less.
Speaker B:And at that cold temperature, it's not freezing, you're not frozen, and it's much colder than what they call mild hypothermia, which is only a couple of degrees below normal.
Speaker B:But when we do profound hypothermia at that low temperature, 10 degrees Celsius, you have no brain waves, your heart's not beating, you're not Breathing, obviously, but there is still cellular life.
Speaker B:Your cells and your vital organs are still alive.
Speaker B:Your.
Speaker B:You're sort of in a temporary suspended animation, and you can stay that way.
Speaker B:The length of time in the clinical trial that's ongoing is three hours.
Speaker B:You could probably go five hours, but during that three hours, you know, there's no.
Speaker B:You don't have to worry about chest compressions or delivering oxygen because you're at a very low metabolic state and.
Speaker B:And your cells can stay alive.
Speaker A:Is my heart still pumping at that point?
Speaker B:No, your heart has stopped.
Speaker B:There's no cardiac function, there's no breathing, there are no brain waves.
Speaker B:You sort of appear clinically dead, but individual cells, the cells in your brain, the cells in your heart, your liver, your kidneys, they're still alive because the temperature has been lowered.
Speaker B:And then you're transported, surgery done, and you're resuscitated.
Speaker B:And I can go into more of that.
Speaker B:But let me mention that anecdotally, people have probably heard that a healthy skier might get covered in an avalanche, and then the rescuers find them in a reasonable period of time, let's say a few hours, and then they're able to resuscitate them by rapidly rewarming those people.
Speaker B:It doesn't occur successfully all the time.
Speaker B:I don't know how many cases there are like that during the year, but that's been reported in the medical literature.
Speaker B:And it's because the body is cooled down so fast that oxygen and heartbeat is not needed for a short period of time, like three hours.
Speaker B:It's also happened that a child might fall into a cold great lake in the middle of winter, and the divers find them, and because they've cooled down so quick and they didn't need oxygen and no vital functions during that, they're able to rewarm them and resuscitate them.
Speaker B:So now we try to do the same thing in a patient who's been traumatized, maybe an automobile accident, and they've bled to the point of going into cardiac arrest, or they're a gunshot victim, and they've bled to the point of going into cardiac arrest, and they've lost so much volume of blood that CPR doesn't work.
Speaker B:Now what we want to do is deliver rapid, profound hypothermia, cool them down, and buy time for one more attempt to save the life with surgical repairs and resuscitation.
Speaker A:So, Len, let me ask you this.
Speaker A:Let's say I'm a paramedic, right?
Speaker A:And I'm responding to a crash that just Happened on the highway, let's say someone, he just flew out of his car and unfortunately CPR just isn't working for him.
Speaker A:What does the paramedic do to actually utilize this EPR tactic?
Speaker B:You have to, whether it's a paramedic or as being done in the clinical trial, whether it's a trauma surgeon, you know, the techniques, let's say, will be basically the same.
Speaker B:And the company hopes, and I can go into it more hopes, to automate the techniques as much as possible.
Speaker B:But the paramedic would come on the scene and would attempt cpr, obviously, standard cpr, chest compressions, mouth to mouth, using a ambu bag to squeeze and breathe.
Speaker B:They might have time, or there are two of them, start some IV fluid, try defibrillation.
Speaker B:But if enough volume of blood has been lost and they can't give volume fast enough, CPR fails.
Speaker B:If the paramedic feels that that's going to be the case, you know, they can make a judgment.
Speaker B:And artificial intelligence is coming along soon.
Speaker B:That'll help with triage and measuring parameters.
Speaker B:The paramedic, either before they give up on CPR or while they're doing CPR and they feel defibrillation has not worked, they must gain access to the arterial system.
Speaker B:They have to put a large bore catheter, large bore, let's say the size of your index finger, into the arterial system.
Speaker B:They can do that into a femoral artery, they can do it into a carotid artery, they can do that in a large vessel in the arm.
Speaker B:And it's even possible, and that's what we're also able to do, is to inject a vessel, the aorta, into the descending aorta using ultrasound that can be done.
Speaker B:So in other words, given the techniques and the ability to do that kind of ultrasound, if you can't place it in a femoral vessel, depending on the injuries, to get something into the aorta or the heart, so to speak, so that you can now rapidly pump in ice cold saline.
Speaker B:This would be saline, physiological saline, salt water in a sense, which they give iv, you know, in the hospital.
Speaker B:But we would pump in rapidly a large amount of ice cold saline.
Speaker B:Ice cold, 2 degree, you know, 1, 2 degrees Celsius.
Speaker A:Okay, that's pretty cold.
Speaker B:Yes, it's very cold.
Speaker B:And remember, the patient is unconscious because of whatever injuries.
Speaker A:So they're not going to feel anything at this point.
Speaker B:They're not going to feel anything.
Speaker B:So that's pumped in rapidly with, with a pump and the paramedics have to carry with them Sufficient cold solution.
Speaker B:It can be 20 or 30 liters.
Speaker B:And they can pick that up at what bay they park in.
Speaker A:Would they store it in dry ice?
Speaker B:No, it would be on, you know, us, the major ambulances, they're able to plug their vehicle into an electrical outlet when they're parked at their station.
Speaker B:And that can keep a refrigerator system cold on the, and the fluid cold on the paramedic.
Speaker B:But we also have designed a small, let's say carrying case that they can take out of the vehicle to go wherever the person, you know, you might be in an office building or a home where the person had cardiac arrest in order to get the fluid there.
Speaker B:So if they decide to go ahead with epr, they'd have everything they need to do it.
Speaker B:Once they've cooled the patient down, well then of course it's just a matter of transport.
Speaker B:And in giving that fluid, they have to be concerned about where the, any residual blood goes.
Speaker B:So we have plans for a cocoon.
Speaker B:If they're, you know, in someone's home.
Speaker B:If you put, quickly put the patient in cocoon, that would sort of be a bag that would collect the fluid.
Speaker B:If they're on the street, you don't have to worry about it.
Speaker B:If you're in a hospital setting, you don't have to worry about it.
Speaker B:You'd be on a table that could drain the blood.
Speaker B:If you're a sudden cardiac arrest victim and not a trauma victim that's lost blood, you have to decompress your vasculature.
Speaker B:When you give fluid meaning, you've got to put a catheter into a vein to remove blood as you pump in the ice cold saline.
Speaker B:I don't want to pretend that these procedures are easy.
Speaker B:They're not.
Speaker B:But in time and as we work on now, a lot will be automated with ultrasound and decisions made with artificial intelligence.
Speaker B:For the placement of catheters, for reading the ultrasound, for measuring all the parameters during the cooldown, the pump speed, the volume, pressure, the temperature.
Speaker A:Yeah, Let me ask, let me ask you this.
Speaker A:So is it, is it like, is it just like having like a syringe kind of thing and they push down, or is it like, is it like electronic where there's like a monitor and it just kind of does its thing for the fluid?
Speaker B:No, you'd be, you'd be connected the catheter that is placed in the large vessel, let's say the aorta or ephemeral vessel, that would be connected to a system that's adjacent to where the cool solution is kept.
Speaker A:Sure and for people who don't know the aorta or any of that, we're talking about the heart.
Speaker B:We're talking about the heart and the large vessel that comes off of the heart.
Speaker A:Yes, sir.
Speaker B:You know that all the smaller vessels come off to supply your head, your arms and your spinal cord, your liver, your kidneys, but the aorta is that major vessel in the chest.
Speaker B:So, no, we'd have essentially a pumping system that would connect to the catheter that's placed in the heart in order to flush that cold solution in very rapidly.
Speaker B:While all the essential monitoring is going on of your brain temperature, using a thermometer that's placed against the tympanic membrane in your ear and other temperature of the body can be measured.
Speaker B:And so brain waves, fluid pressure, temperature, everything gets monitored and assessed to make sure that the patient is at the right temperature and ready for transport.
Speaker B:If they're already in a hospital, there would be much easier to do this.
Speaker A:And this is happening real time, real fast, right?
Speaker B:This is happening real time, real fast right now.
Speaker B:The clinical trial took a number of years to get the FDA to give permission for a clinical trial.
Speaker B:It's being done at Maryland Shock Trauma, which is a.
Speaker B:A model for a trauma center in Baltimore.
Speaker B:And there are no additives to the cold saline because the FDA only wants us to check that if you lower the temperature, you can save someone.
Speaker B:But ultimately, there are additives that we'd like to go add to the cold solution that may help to protect the brain in particular, and the organs and make things easier.
Speaker A:I was going to ask you about that.
Speaker A:Just like, just off the cuff.
Speaker A:So if you're.
Speaker A:I mean, you're basically dead at that point, if your heart's not beating and.
Speaker A:But do you start to lose, like, brain cells and start to lose, like, any kind of.
Speaker B:No.
Speaker B:If someone doesn't have oxygen for seven minutes, you're in trouble.
Speaker B:Seven minutes, okay, you're doing cpr.
Speaker B:If you need cpr.
Speaker B:If there's no heart function, seven minutes is probably as long as you can really go.
Speaker A:So this is all happening before seven minutes is what you're saying?
Speaker B:Well, CPR is being done, and maybe CPR is being done for 10 minutes, and then you're set up to do EPR.
Speaker B:You want to continue doing CPR until you start that cold flush.
Speaker B:You don't want to stop CPR and then sort of put your catheter in and waste time, so you know you're continuing cpr, hopefully.
Speaker B:There are two paramedics, and one is Continuing CPR and breathing.
Speaker B:And the other is getting set up for epr, getting the catheter in appropriately, and then you do the rapid cold flush.
Speaker B:And once you get down to target temperature, you're not losing any brain cells for three plus hours.
Speaker B:You know, this has been done in pigs and large animals that under anesthesia, the animals can get surgical trauma and then they're allowed to bleed out to the point of going to cardiac arrest.
Speaker B:You know, a few minutes is they wait, then they do CPR on them, and then they do epr and then they recover the pigs, you know, after three plus hours, and they remember what they were trained to do.
Speaker B:And when the pigs are autopsied, you know, the organs look normal.
Speaker A:So you've tested this on pigs, You've tested it on, I'm sure, other, other animals at this point.
Speaker A:Are you in clinical trials at this point?
Speaker B:Yes, the clinical trials have started at Maryland Shock Trauma, and, and it's very slow to do the clinical trials, meaning you, you don't see a patient that fits the bill protocol that's, you know, approved by the FDA every minute.
Speaker B:So in other words, a patient who gets EPR, now, they can only go into cardiac arrest after they arrive at the trauma center.
Speaker B:If you go into cardiac arrest in the ambulance and the paramedics do CPR while one is driving you to the, to the trauma center, you're not a candidate for the clinical trial.
Speaker B:They want to know when time zero is when you go into cardiac arrest.
Speaker B:And then you have to be fortunate enough to be there when the trained EPR trauma team is on.
Speaker A:Because they have to be specially trained to do this.
Speaker A:Of course.
Speaker A:Yeah.
Speaker B:There's only one team now that's trained to do it at Maryland Shock Trauma, the only place in the world where this is the leaders.
Speaker B:Done.
Speaker A:Right on.
Speaker B:Yes.
Speaker B:So you have to, you know, that's why it takes time to do the clinical trial.
Speaker A:How long have you guys been in these clinical trials at this point?
Speaker B:Well, during the COVID pandemic, the clinical trial was put on pause, and they've only are restarting now.
Speaker B:The reason it was put on pause is because many of the patients who are hospitalized with COVID had respiratory problems, lung problems, and they were put on what's called ecmo, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, where they would have a machine breathing for you, and they would have to circulate your blood through that.
Speaker B:And so it would require some blood.
Speaker A:Believe it or not, I have heard of that.
Speaker A:Shout out to my mom if you're watching Respiratory therapist, one of the best in the world.
Speaker B:So the availability of blood put EPR on pause.
Speaker B:I'd like to, if I can say a little bit about the historical reasons that this is being done.
Speaker A:Yeah, please do.
Speaker B: In the late: Speaker B:Dr. Peter Safer, who was at the University of Pittsburgh, he was an anesthesiologist at Pittsburgh, but before he got to Pittsburgh, I'm sorry, he was at Johns Hopkins, and he invented mouth to mouth resuscitation.
Speaker B:Before that, there wasn't adequate breathing in doing.
Speaker B:I mean, CPR wasn't really done.
Speaker B:They attempted some crazy things with raising your arms to try and inflate your lungs.
Speaker B:It didn't work.
Speaker B:No one was effectively doing chest compressions.
Speaker B:And Dr.
Speaker B:Safer and one of his associates, they invented mouth to mouth, showed that it worked, combined it with effective chest compressions, and Dr.
Speaker B:Safer wrote the book called the ABCs of Resuscitation, which was the model of how to do it.
Speaker B:And when he had done that, then in the early.
Speaker B:That was the end of the.
Speaker A:That's incredible.
Speaker A:Just.
Speaker A:Just.
Speaker A:Just to want to just articulate real quick on that.
Speaker A:That's.
Speaker A:That's incredible.
Speaker A:So you're saying CPR has only been around since the 50s or 6.
Speaker A:That's amazing if you think about that.
Speaker B:Well, the.
Speaker B: ly, practically used in like,: Speaker B:But Dr.
Speaker B:Safer, he was at Pittsburgh.
Speaker B:Now after doing this and putting the book, he formed the first team of paramedics.
Speaker B:He took a group of African Americans, orderlies and some other African Americans that he made contact with in Pittsburgh, and he trained them to be the first paramedics, really the first full capable paramedics in the world that now were effectively doing CPR and defibrillating patients.
Speaker B:And he called it Freedom House.
Speaker B:And in those, in the early 60s, of course, racial discrimination.
Speaker B:It was before 911 was a call.
Speaker B:If you had a medical emergency, you called the police.
Speaker B:And white ambulance drivers didn't like to go into black neighborhoods in Pittsburgh and probably in many other cities.
Speaker B:So Dr.
Speaker B:Safer formed the first paramedics who were all African American, called Freedom House.
Speaker B:If you look this up on Google, Google or YouTube, you can see the history of Freedom House.
Speaker B:Dr.
Speaker B:Safer was an amazing man.
Speaker B:And.
Speaker B:And then in the early 60s, 911 was started and.
Speaker B:And Dr.
Speaker B:Safer was key in integrating that with his paramedic team.
Speaker B:And then many of those paramedics, they went to other cities to form paramedic units there.
Speaker B:And one of Dr.
Speaker B:Safer's proteges who helped him train Freedom House was Nancy Caroline, and she went to Israel to start the paramedic service in Israel.
Speaker B:In Israel.
Speaker B:She's dead now.
Speaker B:Considered the mother of paramedics in Israel.
Speaker B:Dr.
Speaker B: Safer died in: Speaker B:And myself and two other individuals who work with Dr.
Speaker B:Safer, we formed EPR when the time was right for that.
Speaker B:So Dr.
Speaker B:Safer was really instrumental in all of this.
Speaker B:And the reason he came up with the idea to do EPR was because the military, if you look back historically over Vietnam war, Iraq, Afghanistan, 80% of combat casualties, American casualties dies from massive bleeding, and they go into cardiac arrest.
Speaker B:It's called exsanguination, cardiac arrest.
Speaker B:The other 20% die from severe head injuries or their bodies are blown apart.
Speaker B:But the military said, well, we can't give enough blood fast enough to save those 80% who die from rapid bleeding.
Speaker B:So Dr. Safra said, what about rapid, profound hypothermia?
Speaker B:In the early days, he called it suspended animation.
Speaker B:In the medical literature, you know, it's called suspended animation, but we changed it to epr.
Speaker B:CPR fails, then epr.
Speaker B:Cpr, epr.
Speaker A:That's good to know.
Speaker A:This is really interesting stuff, by the way.
Speaker A:Thank you, everyone, for joining in.
Speaker A:Thank you for the.
Speaker A:I'm getting some messages through my email.
Speaker A:Email.
Speaker A:This is the Blind Knowledge podcast.
Speaker A:I AM here with Dr. Lynn Yaffe, EPR Technologies, talking about all things medically wacky.
Speaker A:At this point, it's, It's.
Speaker A:It's a fascinating conversation.
Speaker A:I do appreciate the time.
Speaker A:Just off the wall question.
Speaker A:What if someone was not.
Speaker A:What if someone was breathing and they didn't need CPR and they were injected with this frozen saline?
Speaker A:What would happen?
Speaker B:Well, I mean, after you lower the body temperature for 2 to 3 degrees, your heart stops.
Speaker B:So if your heart stops, you're not breathing.
Speaker B:You know, if you don't have any artificial separation once your heart stops, essentially, you'll be dead in seven minutes or so, unless you cool the body down to profound hypothermia.
Speaker B:So you've got to, you know, make the choice there.
Speaker B:So who.
Speaker A:Who was the one to find.
Speaker A:Figure out that if you do all of these steps, you can save a life.
Speaker B:Well, I mean, Dr.
Speaker B:Safer at the lab in Pittsburgh, when, at the time I was in the military, when I met Dr.
Speaker B: ded this research in the late: Speaker B: Safer's death in: Speaker B:And it was done in small animals, and I mentioned pigs.
Speaker B:And so it was demonstrated that this could be done successfully in animals.
Speaker B:You show that work to the.
Speaker B:That was all published in the literature.
Speaker B:You show that work to the FDA that it can be done in small and large animals.
Speaker B:And there's that anecdotal evidence about skiers that I mentioned.
Speaker B:So the FDA took a very long look at it.
Speaker B:They wanted to know exactly, you know, which patients you would be done this would be done in, under what conditions.
Speaker B:And, you know, and then we sort of got.
Speaker B:And then we had to train the teams and whatnot, and.
Speaker B:And.
Speaker B:And then the COVID happened, and now they're starting up again.
Speaker B:So, you know, I think it'll take another six to eight months, you know, to do the clinical trial.
Speaker B:In one sense, you know, it's not like you say, oh, here's a cancer patient.
Speaker B:I hope this clinical trial, you know, they can use it on a cancer patient and all works.
Speaker B:We have to sort of sit on the sidelines at Maryland Shock Trauma, and they're waiting for an unfortunate trauma victim, you know, from even an automobile accident or a gunshot wound, you know, so you're.
Speaker A:So they're waiting for a specific circumstance in order to.
Speaker B:Right.
Speaker B:You have to be in the right age group, have no evidence of head injury.
Speaker B:Obviously, they're not going to do it on a pregnant female, but a female and, you know, let's say middle age, you know, 18 or older, under 65, who has no evidence of head trauma.
Speaker A:Now, why is that?
Speaker B:Well, they don't want to.
Speaker B:The goal is to show that rapid, profound hypothermia can save a life when CPR fails.
Speaker B:So we don't want to complicate that by some head injury that may compromise the procedures, so to speak.
Speaker B:So obviously, if they could read the person's medical record in advance, there might be other things you'd eliminate.
Speaker B:But, you know, but you don't have that luxury.
Speaker A:You know, Am I going to read about this in the New England Journal of Medicine?
Speaker B:Is this where I'd hear about it eventually?
Speaker B:I mean, so much has been published about this.
Speaker B:With a successful clinical trial, you know, the FDA likes to keep a.
Speaker B:A lid on things until they look at the data.
Speaker A:I don't know.
Speaker A:I did my research, and there is a lot on epr, and it's pretty fascinating stuff, for sure.
Speaker B:Yeah, there's a lot on it.
Speaker B:No no question about it.
Speaker B:But it's hard to predict what the FDA will do with a successful clinical trial.
Speaker B:And you know, many trauma centers across the US are anxious to do this because it's one more chance to save a life.
Speaker A:And that's what it's all about.
Speaker A:And let me ask you something, Doc, I gotta know.
Speaker A:So let's say it all goes well with the FDA and let's say they actually approve it.
Speaker A:What are the base, what are the best places and methods and like circumstances, I should say situations where this can be used.
Speaker A:Is it the paramedic, is it the trauma unit?
Speaker A:Or is there, is it all of them?
Speaker A:All the above.
Speaker B:Well, with it's ultimately all of the above, I think the FDA event first off would say, okay, do this at trauma centers, sure.
Speaker B:And then maybe they'll broaden it out to emergency rooms and then maybe hospital floors.
Speaker A:That makes sense.
Speaker B:They'll have crash carts.
Speaker B:But I think relatively early on they would say, okay, let's explore how we're going to have paramedics do this.
Speaker B:Let's look at training some paramedic teams and what equipment they're going to use and how are you going to provide, you know, the necessary decision support and communication and artificial intelligence.
Speaker A:That's what I think of that could really utilize.
Speaker A:That is like a car crash or.
Speaker B:Oh, absolutely.
Speaker B:And that'll sort of be a separate, you know, review of the FDA reviewing how paramedics are doing that.
Speaker B:And ultimately, if everything is approved, obviously paramedics will have to be certified and get special training to do this.
Speaker B:You know, the company's working on, you know, what would be required to do that through simulation training or, you know, are working, you know, for a while with the team that's already doing.
Speaker A:Yeah, that's amazing technology.
Speaker A:I mean, where, where do you find your information like that?
Speaker A:Where, where, where do you read about that?
Speaker B:I mean, I look at, go online and look at a number of journals.
Speaker B:Anyone can go to PubMed, which is the library of Medicine site.
Speaker B:You just look up PubMed, then you can type in any, any word or group of words and it gives you a list of the, of the journals.
Speaker B: t it to journals published in: Speaker B:And so you could type in anti Aging and you might get very complicated articles to read.
Speaker B:Or you can go to the more general sites like Science Daily Science.
Speaker B:There's some great sites that keep up on important medical advances.
Speaker A:It's very interesting.
Speaker A:And is this the best place for people to, to read about EPR?
Speaker A:Technologies.
Speaker A:EPR slash.
Speaker A:I mean epr-technology.com technology.
Speaker B:Or epr tech- technologies plural, singular or technologies.
Speaker B:They both go to the same place.
Speaker A:All right, perfect.
Speaker A:Because people should definitely read up on this if they're interested.
Speaker B:There are a lot of videos and a lot of information.
Speaker B:Our lead trauma surgeon, Sam Tisherman at Maryland Shock Trauma, he did a TED Talk in the past, which is interesting.
Speaker B:He gives him details.
Speaker B:He was invited to do a TED Talk, which was very nice.
Speaker B:I've done a few other podcasts which are up on YouTube.
Speaker B:If you type in my name or EPR technologies, that'll come up on YouTube.
Speaker B:If you want history, type in Peter Safer or Freedom House or suspended animation.
Speaker B:There's a lot of interesting stuff on YouTube.
Speaker B:Wow.
Speaker A:EPR technologies to go.
Speaker A:Check it out.
Speaker A:Epr-technology.com Dr. Lynn Yaffe.
Speaker A:Really, really interesting stuff.
Speaker A:Life saving technology, life saving stuff.
Speaker A:If CPR isn't working, we're gonna freeze them.
Speaker A:Just not frozen, but we're gonna put them in a almost an automation kind of thing.
Speaker A:And hopefully, you know, they hang out on.
Speaker A:So it's a beautiful thing.
Speaker A:Hopefully it goes through the FDA trials.
Speaker A:I'm not a doctor, but he is and it was really cool to have him on.
Speaker A:Who am I?
Speaker A:I'm just a podcaster.
Speaker A:My name is Joey B.
Speaker A:This is the Blind Knowledge podcast.
Speaker A:You guys are awesome.
Speaker A:We will check in next time.
Speaker A:Tata, be safe.
Speaker A:And hey, if you didn't tell someone you love them today, go do that for sure.
Speaker A:Have a good one.
Speaker B:Bye.
Speaker A:Bye.
